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Investors and policymakers urged not to overlook freshwater fish farms

Production systems

The growth and improvement of freshwater aquaculture systems should not be neglected, despite a widespread tendency by investors and policymakers to look towards the oceans as the key area for the growth of global fish farming.

The paper suggests that the sustainable intensification of freshwater fish farming would benefit many more people than investment in expensive marine finfish farms

© WorldFish

So argues a new paper, published in Nature Communications under the title 'Farming fish in the sea will not nourish the world'. The study recommends a balanced approach that includes investing in existing aquaculture on land as a vital means to increase farmed aquatic foods in ways that contribute to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

The study suggests claims that cage farming of high-value fish species such as salmon in marine environments has little likelihood of delivering affordable aquatic foods to those who need it most.

The authors therefore argue that policymakers and investors must acknowledge the current and future role of inland freshwater aquaculture and capture fisheries in improving the lives of those with the most acute sustainable development needs in low- and middle-income countries.

Many of the worlds’ vulnerable people are dependent on fish and other aquatic foods harvested from ponds, lakes, rivers as well as oceans to support healthy diets and livelihoods. The research calls for investment to be context-specific and oriented to inland freshwater aquaculture and coastal capture fisheries to underpin affordable and accessible nutritious food, particularly in emerging economies where demand is growing most.

Aquaculture is currently one of the fastest-growing forms of food production on earth. Most farmed aquatic foods originate from land-based freshwater production systems that are not as resource-constrained as often claimed. Recently, growth in aquatic food production has occurred mainly through intensification rather than horizontal expansion, enabling higher levels of farm productivity using the same or less land and water, the authors argue.

The economics of offshore marine aquaculture require industrial-scale cultivation of high market value fish species to meet high production costs. This will promote the participation of large investors catering to consumers with high purchasing power. By supporting a model of development based on the privatization and exclusive use of oceanic resources, the drive to promote marine aquaculture feeds into a wider policy discourse of ‘blue growth’ with the potential to displace existing ocean users, most importantly fishers, according to the study. Coastal fisheries currently make extremely important contributions to the livelihoods and food and nutrition security of millions of people.

The paper’s lead author, Dr Ben Belton, WorldFish value chain and nutrition senior scientist and associate professor at Michigan State University, said: “This research questions a growing narrative that offshore ocean aquaculture can sustainably nourish the world. Perspectives of low- and middle-income consumers who already rely on capture fisheries and inland freshwater aquaculture for healthy and diverse diets must be part of the discussion.”

"Offshore marine aquaculture set-ups require large investments that preclude smaller producers from reaping the benefits and generate little employment. It won’t feed the world alone as it is skewed toward ‘luxury’ finfish, which most consumers in low- and middle-income countries can’t afford.

“Efforts to increase production of farmed aquatic foods in ways that are compatible with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through equitable and sustainable food system transformation must also focus on improving existing aquaculture on land, not pushing it far out into the oceans.

“The evidence suggests that inland freshwater aquaculture and marine capture fisheries have far greater potential to continue to supply most of the world’s aquatic food and contribute to human equity and food security than offshore marine finfish farming. Policies and investments that seek to increase the availability and accessibility of affordable and sustainable farmed aquatic foods should look to the land.”

Co-author, Dr Dave Little, a professor at Stirling’s Institute of Aquaculture, said: “Mariculture, particularly offshore cage farming of high trophic species that are attracting the attention of investors and policymakers, is very unlikely to deliver affordable seafood for those who need it most. Many of the worlds’ poorest people are particularly dependent on fish and other aquatic food in their diets and investment is urgently required to ensure that they can maintain their nutritional security. Ensuring inland aquaculture continues to develop and underpin affordable and accessible nutritious food is critical, particularly in low- and medium-income countries where demand is growing fastest.

“The challenges around how inland aquaculture can continue to expand and remain sustainable, complementing other parts of the food systems and continuing to impact minimally on the local and global environment, will require investment in R&D going forward.”

Another of the paper’s authors, Dr Shakuntala Thilsted, WorldFish research program leader for value chains and nutrition, said: “In response to global calls to transform food systems for healthy and sustainable diets, inland aquaculture and coastal capture fisheries must be prioritised. The ability to breed and farm freshwater fish at low cost using relatively basic technologies, makes them accessible to low- and middle-income consumers in countries with high levels of supply, as well as to small- and medium-scale producers who benefit from farming them. Integrating fruit and vegetable crops in inland pond aquaculture can also improve climate-resilience and access to diverse diets.”

Read the full study in Nature Communications

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