Dr Glaser, who has a dual appointment in the Department of Fishery Science at VIMS and the Department of Biology at William and Mary, will team on the project with W&M's Cullen Hendrix, an assistant professor of international relations; Leslie Kaufman of Boston University, an expert in the ecology of Lake Victoria's fishes; and several W&M undergraduate and graduate students.
The goal of the project is to better understand and quantify the complex interactions between human conflict and natural systems in the Lake Victoria region. "Conflict impacts food security, income, and the population dynamics of harvested species," says Dr Glaser, "but knowledge of these impacts has been missing from ecological models and management tools. Our project will help regional fisheries organizations better manage and sustain the lake's aquatic resources, which are a critical source of protein for local inhabitants and a key source of income through exports to Europe."
The project includes a unique partnership with colleagues in Uganda to help establish a Geographic Information Systems center that had been identified as a pressing need by scientists in the country's National Fisheries Resources Research Institute. Center partners will place fisheries data into a geographic context, thus facilitating comparisons with existing conflict data and maps developed by the Uppsala Conflict Data Project, the Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset, and the Social Conflict in Africa Database.
Lake Victoria, the world's second-largest body of freshwater, lies in East Africa at the intersection of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, with its watershed extending into Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All these countries, except Tanzania, have experienced recent or ongoing conflicts whose impacts have directly affected the food security of the area's 40-million people, as well as fishing patterns among local villagers.
The NSF-funded project builds on Hendrix and Dr Glaser's groundbreaking study of the global interplay between conflict and fisheries. That study, which earned a Journal of Peace Research "Article of the Year Award" in 2011, showed a clear connection between conflict intensity and a reduction in reported fish landings.
"There's a dramatic impact," says Dr Glaser. "Civil conflicts are associated, on average, with a 16% reduction in fish catch reported to the United Nations. That's 13 times greater than the losses attributed to El Nio, one of the most familiar natural causes of reduced fisheries production."
Complex Connections
Though the link between conflict intensity and reduced landings is clear on a global basis, the links between conflict and fisheries around Lake Victoria are more complex. Indeed, recent catch data show that the lake's total landingsfrom Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda combinedwere actually on the upswing through some of the most intense periods of fighting in the early 2000s.
"That's what we're interested in," says Dr Glaser, "figuring out what's really going on in and around the lake." Dr Glaser will focus on the lake's ecosystem and fisheries, while Hendrix focuses on economic and social factors.
"What we're trying to do is take all of this stufffood prices, labor-market dynamics, violence in the regionand understand it through the framework of Coupled Natural and Human Systems analysis," says Hendrix.
"We want to break down the landings data by location and species, and to better understand how the influx of refugees from the conflict in northern Uganda is affecting the fishery," adds Dr Glaser.
That conflictdriven by Joseph Kony and his Lord's Resistance Armyforced nearly two million Ugandans into southern areas of the country around Lake Victoria. The research team will explore the feedbacks between this human influx and local fisheries by carefully analyzing and mapping data on everything from fishing catch and effort to unemployment rates, income levels, and the price of fish in local and international markets.
"Conflict could affect the fish catch through many different processes that will vary by country," says Dr Glaser. "The number one thing is that if you have a war, you're probably not that concerned with reporting your catch, because it becomes very unimportant. Villagers might also leave fisheries due to safety concerns, or to join insurgent movements. During the Sri Lankan civil war, a lot of the recruiting by guerilla organizations went on in fishing villages, where work can be sporadic and unemployment high. So there could be a real decline in fishing effort, as well as a decline in data reporting.
Another issue, she says, is that regional conflict might have fueled demand for a native minnow called mukene, which can be dried into jerky to feed both insurgents in the field and those fleeing the fighting. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this demand has driven up mukene prices in local markets, making it more difficult for villagers to buy this traditional source of protein.
In an interesting twist, mukene populations have themselves grown in the lake during the last few decades due to the introduction of Nile perch, a non-native species that eats both catfish and cichlidstwo native species that previously competed with mukene for food. Nile perch are not eaten locally, but provide an important source of income through exports to European markets. However, recent data show that the fishery for Nile perch is in decline. Some experts fear a crash in the coming decades. Such an event would raise an entirely new set of questions.
"All kinds of complexities arise when conflicts about other things spill over and upset fisheries," says Glaser. "The focus of our study is to model those complexities and to look at feedbacks in the system, both human and natural."
"We've traditionally thought of food security as an issue of land-based agriculture," she adds, "but now we're thinking of it in terms of fisheries as well. That's because more than a billion people get their primary source of protein from fishes. It provides the primary source of income for more than 43 million people in the world, the majority of that in developing nations."
"Our goals are to understand the interrelationships of ecological processes and human social-political processes," says Hendrix. "If we do good science, good research, and work through the collaborative process, we can have a positive impact on natural-resource management that crucially can affect the lives and nutrition of more than 40 million people."
