"Information on many different kinds of freshwater and marine fish tell the same story," says lead author Dr Mark Hixon of the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
"The loss of big fish decreases the productivity and stability of fishery stocks." This loss, known as "size and age truncation," typically occurs in all fisheries.
Methods of saving big fish include slot limits, where regulations allow only the capture of medium-sized fish, as well as marine reserves, where some fish are allowed to spawn over their entire life spans.
There are multiple ways BOFFFFs benefit fish populations.
First, larger females produce far more eggs than smaller fish. For example, in Hawai'i, a 27-inch bluefish trevally or omilu produces 84 times more eggs than a 12-inch fish.
Second, co-author Dr Susan Sogard of the National Marine Fisheries Service reports that "larger fish can produce better quality eggs that hatch into young that grow and survive better than young from smaller females."
Third, "BOFFFFs often spawn at different times and places than younger females, which increases the odds that some young will find favorable environments in an unpredictable ocean," adds co-author Dr Darren Johnson of California State University at Long Beach.
Finally, old fish can outlive periods that are unfavorable for reproduction, providing a "storage effect" where BOFFFFs are ready to spawn successfully when the time is right.
"Increasingly, fisheries managers are realizing that saving some big old fish is essential to ensure that fished populations are stable and sustainable," says Dr Hixon.
Top photo Credit Karna McKinney, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service
