About lupines
Lupines are a legume that belongs to the same family of plants as peas and soybeans. Lupine seeds contain up to 45 per cent protein, which is higher than both peas and soybeans. Salmon need feed with a high protein level, thus lupine is an interesting source of protein.
Plant ingredients contain many different anti-nutritional factors, but lupines generally have a low content of many of these in comparison to other legumes and oil seeds. However, lupine contains several different alkaloids, which is a large group of nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds that taste bitter. For this reason, most types of lupines are left in peace from grazing animals. The most important alkaloids in yellow lupines are lupinine and sparteine.
Found the limit of tolerance for lupine seeds and alkaloids
PhD student Edison Rodrigo Serrano Gutierrez carried out a series of feeding trials with different levels of white lupines and two different quinolizidine alkaloids (lupinine and sparteine) which were isolated from lupines. The purpose was to find the limit of how much lupines rainbow trout is willing to eat and to determine the tolerance and acute toxicity concentration of these alkaloids.
The results showed that the fish tolerated high levels (up to 50 per cent) of white lupines with no negative effects on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance and health. The fatty acid profile of the muscles was however slightly altered when the level of lupine exceeded 30 per cent of the feed.
The two dose-response experiments with pure alkaloids (lupinine and sparteine) showed that these do not cause any adverse short-term risk to the health of rainbow trout. Although, the bitter taste of alkaloids, led to reduced feed uptake, and thereby decreased growth, when the level exceeded 100 mg alkaloids pr kg feed. This level is higher than the alkaloid content found in todays sweet lupine varieties that are commonly used in fish feed formulations.
Can use semi-bitter lupines
In Chile, fish farming industry is large and as in Norway, there is a need to find alternative feed sources to replace fish meal. In South America a variety of lupine species are grown and the interest for growing these is large since they are well adjusted to the climate in this area. These species tend to have both a higher protein content and alkaloid content than the so-called sweet lupines that are grown in larger volumes mainly in Australia.
Lupines with a higher level of alkaloids are easier to grow, because the alkaloids are the plants self defense against grazing, insects and fungi. To increase the use of this plant in feed, plant breeders have reduced the level of alkaloids to a minimum, however this increases the need for pesticides in the production.
The results of Serrano means that plant producers now can produce semi-bitter lupine species containing ten times more alkaloids than todays sweet lupine types. These plants still tastes good for the fish and through the alkaloids they have a better defense against insects.
No short term health risk with high doses
Many types of damaging effects of high doses of particular alkaloids have been reported. Therefore, Serrano wanted to check weather the two alkaloids lupinine and sparteine, had damaging effects on the health of the fish. Diets with up to 5000 mg/kg feed were tried out. The results showed that high doses of lupinine and sparteine clearly had a negative effect on taste, which again reduced feed intake, growth and feed utilization. Alkaloids in such high doses still didnt prove to cause any short term health risk for the fish.
Cooperation between Norway and Chile
The PhD project is cooperation between Aquaculture Protein Centre, a Centre of Excellence, with the Norwegian University of Life Sciences as host institution (UMB) and the Catholic University of Temuco, Chile.
Edison Rodrigo Serrano Gutierrez defends his PhD thesis at the Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, UMB, 27th April 2011. The thesis is titled Biological responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after dietary intake of lupine seeds and quinolizidine alkaloids.
