Food Loss: Questions About the Amount and Causes Remain

Food loss and its food waste sub-component are increasingly in the spotlight both in the United States and around the world, according to Jean C. Buzby, Hodan Farah Wells and Jaspreet Aulakh of the USDA Economic Research Service writing in 'Amber Waves'. This attention reflects concern about the resources wasted in the production and disposal of uneaten food, the negative side effects associated with food loss (such as pollution created during food production), and the growing pressures on the global food supply.

ERS defines food loss as the amount of food available for human consumption – after removing bones, pits, peels, and other non-edible parts – that is not consumed for any reason. It includes moisture loss and cooking shrinkage; loss from mould, pests, or inadequate climate control; and food waste. Food waste is a subcomponent of food loss, and examples include edible food discarded by retailers due to colour or appearance and plate waste thrown away by consumers. While ERS researchers have estimated the amount of food loss that occurs in US grocery stores, restaurants, and homes, the waste portion of this loss has not been calculated because of data limitations.

The United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that one-third of global food production is either wasted or goes uneaten. In the United States, an estimated 31 per cent of the food available for consumption at the retail and consumer levels went uneaten. Had farm-to-retail level losses been included, this estimate for the United States would be higher.

Some loss is inevitable because food is inherently perishable, and spoiled or deteriorated food must be discarded to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food supply. Legal liability and strict food safety rules can inhibit the recovery of uneaten food from homes, restaurants, and other eating establishments to be redistributed to hungry people. Costs to reduce food loss or to safely collect, store, and transport wholesome, uneaten food to food banks can also be prohibitive.

Substantial reductions in food loss within a country would likely require a mixture of public and private-sector approaches. Despite the increased attention from policy-makers and the media to food waste in the past decade, questions still remain about the amount and causes of loss and waste along specific parts of the farm-to-fork chain, as well as what portion of food loss can be prevented, recovered for human consumption, or recycled for another economic use, such as burning it for energy.

Why and Where Is There Food Loss?

Food loss occurs for many reasons, with some types of loss – such as spoilage – occurring at every stage of the production and supply chain. Between the farm gate and retail stages, food loss can arise from problems during drying, milling, transporting, or processing that expose food to damage by insects, rodents, birds, moulds, and bacteria. At the retail level, equipment malfunction (such as faulty cold storage), over-ordering, and culling of blemished produce can result in food loss. Consumers also contribute to food loss when they cook more than they need and choose to throw out the extras.

The limited data available suggest that food loss tends to occur at different parts of the farm-to-fork food chain when comparing across developed and less-developed countries. In less developed countries, food loss mostly occurs closer to the farm and retail segments with relatively little wasted by the consumer. These countries tend to have relatively inadequate storage (particularly cold storage), transportation networks, and access to markets making it challenging to keep food edible and wholesome until it is consumed. Access to loss-reducing technologies, such as sophisticated packaging films that allow fresh produce to breathe, and adoption of food management practices, such as computerised inventory tracking, are less common in developing countries. Less developed countries may also rely on sun-drying of grains, which increases the risks of pest infestation and damage from unfavourable weather.

In developed countries like the United States, a relatively larger share of food loss occurs at the consumer end of the spectrum. Food accounts for a relatively smaller share of household incomes, and consumers typically demand a wide variety of high-quality, cosmetically appealing, and convenient foods. As a result, blemished, misshapen, or wrong-sized foods are often discarded to meet minimum quality standards. Also, oversized portions and the distaste for certain foods among abundant food choices may help contribute to greater plate waste. Additionally, consumers are often confused over 'use-by' and 'best before' dates, leading to the discard of edible food.

How Much Food Loss Is There and Where Does It Occur?

Although researchers have a general idea about the different reasons for food loss in developed versus less developed countries and within the United States, data on the breakdown of total food loss for a given food commodity and country by the different causal reasons are lacking. For example, although there are estimates of fresh spinach loss at the retail and consumer levels in the United States, national estimates at the farm level do not exist. It is also not known how much of the spinach loss at the consumer level occurs in the home versus away from home, such as in restaurants or schools, or the breakdown of loss from the different causes at any given stage, e.g. cooking shrinkage, spoilage, and plate waste.

ERS estimates of food loss are based mainly on inference. ERS develops supply and use balance sheets for over 200 individual commodities. In the Loss-Adjusted Food Availability (LAFA) data series, ERS takes the balance sheets for individual commodities, removes the inedible share (such as peach pits and asparagus stalks), and applies food loss assumptions at the retail and consumer levels to estimate food consumption and loss in the United States. Food loss at the consumer level includes losses in homes and in restaurants, schools, sports stadiums and other away-from-home eating places. The underlying assumptions are from an array of sources, including grocery store supplier shipment and sales data and national food consumption surveys. The LAFA series is considered a work in progress because ERS continues to refine the underlying loss assumptions and estimates.

In 2010, ERS estimates that a total of 31 per cent, or 133 billion pounds, of the 430 billion pounds of the available food supply at the retail and consumer levels went uneaten, with an estimated retail value of $162 billion. This translates into 141 trillion calories (kcal) of food available in the US food supply but not consumed in 2010. Expressed on a per-capita basis, food loss at the retail and consumer levels in 2010 totalled 1.18 pounds of food per person per day, with a retail value of $1.43.

The breakdown of US food loss between the retail and consumer levels depends on the food group. For example, 28 per cent of loss in the vegetables group in 2010 occurred at grocery stores and other retailers and 72 per cent occurred in homes and away-from-home eating places. For grain products, 39 per cent of loss occurred at retail and 61 per cent at the consumer level. Added fats and oils was the only food group where a larger portion of loss occurred at the retail level than at the consumer level. In terms of pounds of food loss, dairy products had the largest loss at the retail level, while vegetables had the greatest loss at the consumer level.

In the United States, the food groups with the highest share of food loss vary with the type of measurement. Three food groups – dairy products, vegetables and grain products – made up almost half of the food loss at the retail and consumer levels in terms of weight. On a total value basis, the meat, poultry, and fish group comprises almost one-third (30 per cent) of the total (versus 12 per cent by weight) because foods in this group tend to cost more per pound than many other foods. Vegetables and dairy products come in second and third in terms of share of total value. The top three food groups in terms of shares of total calories uneaten are noticeably different — shares for added fats and oils, added sugars and sweeteners, and grains are much higher in terms of calories, reflecting these foods’ caloric density per pound.

On a per-capita basis at the consumer level, ERS estimates that 290 pounds of food went uneaten in 2010 at a value of $371. This translates into 789 calories per capita per day. The estimate of 290 pounds per capita at the consumer level in the United States in 2010 suggests that consumer level food loss in the United States is higher than in other parts of the world.

In general, food waste tends to be higher in developed countries – a 2011 study conducted for FAO found that per capita food waste by consumers in North America and Europe was 209-254 pounds per year compared to 13 to 24 pounds per year in Sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia.

Potential Strategies to Reduce Food Loss and Waste

There are two separate challenges in reducing food loss and its environmental and other impacts:

• how to reduce the amount of uneaten food in the first place (prevention), and
• what to do with uneaten food once it is generated (disposal).

If the uneaten food is wholesome, it could potentially be recovered for human consumption or diverted to animal feed if it makes economic sense to do so. Or, uneaten food can be diverted or recycled for another economic use, such as burning it for energy or mixing it with yard waste to make compost. As the first challenge to reduce the amount of uneaten food is met more fully, the second becomes less of an issue.

However, there are limits to how much food loss the United States or any other country could realistically prevent, recover for human consumption, or divert to another economic use. Factors such as the perishable nature of most foods and food safety, storage, and temperature considerations limit how much food loss can be prevented or reduced. Also, logistical challenges of getting wholesome food to the hungry exist, such as the dispersion of uneaten food among millions of households, food plants, and food-service locations, and the time and expense needed to deliver food to a new destination, such as to a food bank. Consumers’ tastes, preferences, and food habits also play a role, such as when people throw out milk leftover at the bottom of a bowl of cereal. Economic factors, such as the costs to recover and redirect uneaten food to another use, may only provide limited incentives to reduce food loss. Food firms will adopt a loss-reducing practice if it is economically justifiable, that is, if the benefits outweigh the costs.

Substantial reductions in food loss within a country will likely require a mixture of public and private-sector approaches. In less developed countries, some strategies to reduce food loss may be simple, low-tech, and relatively inexpensive, such as using triple-layered storage bags for cowpeas in rural Africa instead of double-layered bags. Other strategies are more costly, such as public-sector investment in better and more roads to get crops and other foods to markets. Private-sector investment could include developing access to credit for farmers and small businesses to allow them to purchase improved storage options, and trucks to transport food to markets.

In developed countries, there are many potential strategies to reduce food loss. Examples include the adoption of technological improvements in food packaging, more efficient food inventory management in retail stores and restaurants, increased redistribution of edible food to people through food bank networks, and consumer education campaigns to reduce food waste. The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has designed new packaging that reduces moisture loss and doubles the storage life of small fruits. ARS has also developed an ozone-based treatment that growers of organic grapes can use after harvest to inhibit the growth of the microbe that causes grey mould in grapes.

In the past decade, worldwide efforts to improve data collection on food loss have been growing, along with a growth of initiatives to reduce food loss and waste. In 2007, the Waste & Resources Action Programme in the United Kingdom launched its 'Love Food Hate Waste' consumer education campaign to share practical ways to reduce food waste. Five years into the effort, the campaign sponsors reported that household food and drink waste was reduced by 15 percent. Technical innovations, such as modified atmosphere packaging for produce, and a range of behaviour on the part of consumers, such as buying appropriate amounts and making the most of left-overs, contributed to reduced waste.

Spain, France, and Japan are also involved in efforts to reduce food waste. Japan has a multifaceted policy that encourages food manufacturers, retailers and restaurants to recycle more food waste for feed, fertiliser and energy while meeting strict guidelines, including those for feed safety.

In June 2013, USDA and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the US Food Waste Challenge, calling on US producer groups, processors, manufacturers, retailers, local municipalities, and other government agencies to reduce food loss and waste; to recover wholesome food for human consumption; and to recycle discards to other uses including animal feed, composting, and energy generation.

The goal of the Challenge is to lead a fundamental shift in how Americans think about and manage food and food waste. Participants in the Challenge include major food companies, smaller private firms, universities and colleges, sports teams, entertainment resorts, and other businesses.

In addition to spearheading the Challenge, USDA initiated a range of activities to reduce, recover, and recycle food waste in its programs and operations. By the end of 2013, USDA had issued new guidance streamlining procedures for donating misbranded, wholesome meat and poultry products; initiated a study on plate waste in the school meal programme and began piloting a programme to compost meat samples from USDA’s inspection testing.

ERS has efforts underway to improve its estimates of the food available for consumption and food loss, such as obtaining updated estimates of food loss for fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, poultry and seafood in retail stores. More refined estimates and greater awareness of the amount of food loss &nash; and where the loss occurs – might help spur changes in government policies, food handling practices and technologies, consumer habits, and other actions that reduce food waste and conserve resources.

This article is drawn from:

• Buzby J., H.F. Wells and J. Hyman. 2014. The estimated amount, value, and calories of postharvest food losses at the retail and consumer levels in the United States. USDA, Economic Research Service, February 2014.
• Bentley J. and J. Buzby. 2014. Food availability (per capita) data system. USDA, Economic Research Service, April 2014.

June 2014