Intensive and semi -intensive aqua farming accompanies several disease problems often due to opportunistic pathogens as evident from general aquaculture. High stocking densities, high food inputs and other organic loads stimulate the selection and proliferation of opportunistic pathogens like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa etc.
Gut Track Diseases in Shrimps
Shrimp are actively “grazing” on the substrate present in the pond bottom and water column. Therefore, they highly expose to exchanges of microflora between the environment and the digestive system. This increases the risk for the proliferation of an unfavorable gut microflora or frequent destabilization of the microflora, which can affect the optimal functioning of the digestive system.
Furthermore, the digestive system of shrimp is the main entry port for protozoan, bacterial and viral infections, which remain a major risk for the profitability of shrimp production. Presently these are the most important Gut track diseases in shrimps:
- White Feces Syndrome (WFS)
- White Gut Disease (WGD)
- White Muscle Disease (WMD)
White Feces Syndrome (WFS)
Accompanying acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in cultivated shrimps has been an increasing prevalence of vermiform, gregarine-like bodies within the shrimp hepatopancreas (HP) and midgut. In high quantity of these bodies result in white fecal strings and a phenomenon called white feces syndrome (WFS).WFS appears in shrimps from approximately 2 months of culture onwards and caused by gregarines .The vermiform bodies formations are consisting of Aggregated Transformed Microvilli (ATM).The ATM have originated by sloughing from epithelial cells of the shrimp hepatopancreatic tubules. They accumulate at the HP-midgut junction before being discharged within feces via the midgut.
White fecal matter
When the occurrence of ATM is severe, it can lead to the formation of white fecal strings in shrimp .The high density stocked shrimp pond exhibit this phenomenon and it lead to floating fecal strings or sometimes accumulate in floating mats (i.e., white feces syndrome or WFS). However, ATM sometimes occur together with shrimp hepatopancreatic diseases such as the AHPND, other types of vibriosis, and parasitemia with the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei.
The impact of white fecal matter has been found in L. vannamei & P.monodon culture shrimps and there is no possible association with Loose shell syndrome. The severity of the problem due to occurrence of white fecal matter has been observed to be a serious problem during the culture shrimps. Interestingly, the problem has been observed with the L. vannamei ponds having high count of blue green algae.
Main Feature of White Gut / Feces Syndromes :
- Vermiform, gregarine-like bodies within HP and midgut
- Show no cellular or sub-cellular organelles
- Also WFS involves other protozoan or metazoan.
- Microvilli found peeled away from HP tubule cells and aggregated in HP tubule lumen
- Stripped of microvilli, the originating cells undergo lysis.
- Loss of microvilli and subsequent cell llysis indicate a pathological process.
- May retard shrimp growth and may predispose to opportunistic pathogen
Field signs of white feces syndrome (WFS)
Gross signs of WFS in shrimp cultivation pond included white to somewhat yellow, floating fecal strings that sometimes collected in mats or could also be found on feeding trays .The midgut junction and midgut are distended and filled with white to yellow-golden contents .When the contents of the gut or fecal strings are examined , they consisted of masses of vermiform bodies the superficially resembled gregarines .
Severely affected ponds exhibit reduction in shrimp survival by 20–30 percent when compared to normal ponds. There is also a decreases in feed consumption, growth rates and reduces in average daily weight gain (ADG).
(WFS in Shrimp pond)
The presence of more the number of gregarines are higher the chances of lesions and infections in cultured shrimp. The number of gregarines grows in number and get the nourishment from the host leaving lesion for the infections to set in. The gregarines also interfere in assimilation of nutrients by the villi and resulting in the poor growth of cultured shrimps.
Comparison of white gut and white fecal matter
The White gut and White fecal matter are the two different problems in shrimp culture ponds that can possibly lead to Loose shell syndrome. In general, the White gut is caused by the necrosis of epithelial mucosa and resembles the haemocytic enteritis.And usually, the White fecal matter is caused because of the damage to the hepatopancreas and sloughing of hepatocytes.The sloughed cells are released in to the gut and the gut looks white in colour. In general, the fecal matter contains undigested feed particles but in case of white fecal matter it is from the dead hepatocytes.
White Muscle Disease
Whitish muscle disease of Penaeus vannamei in early disease occurs mostly in the shrimp's tail whitish. Also began to appear whitish from the middle of the back and the whitish part of the loss of transparency Then this diseases forward the development of rapid spread of shrimp in serious condition muscles throughout the back White necrosis. Began to appear the complete white muscle necrosis, the shrimp may die after 3-5 days. White muscle necrosis shows under microscopic examination such as muscle fiber disorders and stripes clearly. Disease is difficult to see the surface of the pond shrimp, dead shrimp submerged in the underwater, early onset of normal feeding, after death, before the muscles become whitish red.
The WMD (White muscle disease) is observed at most of shrimp farms .The epizootic of WMD is showing mortalities ranging from 30% to 100% . The first sign related to this disease is the poor feeding (mineral deficiency in water, poor quality feed) and lethargy of the prawns especially during the first 5 days of PL settlement resulting in slow mortality. The signs are focal to extensive necrotic areas in tail muscle tissues, displaying a white, opaque appearance.
(White muscle disease in bigger size L. vannamei)
Gross signs of the disease are similar to the WGD. It is likely that the involvement of the Gram-positive cocci, Lactococcus garvieae in WMD could possibly have been a secondary infection. The disease progressively destroyed the abdominal muscular organization of the prawns especially the striated muscles finally leading to mortality.
White Gut Disease (WGD)
White Gut Disease (WGD) By Vibrio
The occurrence of five types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red disease, loose shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD) is by Vibrio spp. in shrimpfrom culture ponds
Among these, LSS, WGD, and red disease caused mass mortalities in shrimp culture ponds. Six species of Vibrio—V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificus and V. splendidus—are associated with the diseased shrimp. Mortalities due to vibriosis occur when shrimps are stressed by factors such as: poor water quality, crowding, high water temperature, low DO and low water exchange.
The white gut disease (WGD) observed in shrimp farms and Vibriosis is one of the major disease problems agent in aquaculture. Vibriosis is a bacterial disease responsible for mortality of cultured shrimp worldwide. Vibriosis is caused by gram-negative bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae. Outbreaks may occur when environmental factors trigger the rapid multiplication of bacteria already tolerated at low levels within shrimp blood or by bacterial penetration of host barriers. The exoskeleton provides an effective physical barrier to pathogens trying to penetrate the external surface of crustaceans, as well as the foregut and hindgut.
(White Gut Diseaseby vibrio in L. vannamei)
The occurrence of five types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red disease, loose shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD) is by Vibrio spp. in shrimps. Among these, LSS, WGD, and red disease caused mass mortalities in shrimp culture ponds. The diseased shrimp showed symptoms of stunted growth and opaque white gut visible through the transparent cuticle as a white streak. The shrimp consumed feed in large quantities and released fecal matter in the form of a white fluid material. Mortality rate in affected ponds leads in high.
White Gut Disease (WGD) By Micro parasite
(Microsporidian infection of the abdominal muscles of Shrimps)
Shrimps have purplish-mauve coloration on the cuticle and to have large white tumors or cysts in the muscle. Shrimps have a disease known as cotton or milk shrimp caused by a parasite infection of primarily the abdominal muscle. The muscle has a cottony appearance, which is externally visible as white opaque patchy areas under the carapace. The disease is caused by a severe infection of parasitic microsporidia. The white mass is not a cancerous tumor or cyst but is caused by hundreds of microscopic parasites. The presence of the parasite can elicit a host response by the shrimp that leads to a buildup of blue-black pigmentation in the cuticle.
(White Gut Disease (WGD) By Microparasite)
Prevention & Control Measures
Effective management of the health of shrimp requires consideration of delicate balance between the host, pathogen and environment. Disease and production problem are vary during the different phase of shrimp culture. Production shortages resulting from shrimp mortality, slow growth and high FCR occur and affect the economics of shrimp farms.
Most often pathogens are present in association with the environment and shrimp are apparently healthy and show normal growth. Often conditions such as high stocking density, poor water quality, and sudden changes in environmental factors precipitate diseases in shrimps. Some of the important strategies for gut health management have been outlined below:
- Sustainable approaches to modulate the gut microflora in farmed shrimps for preventing gut diseases.
- The use of selected bacteria to inoculate the gut (probiotics)
- Specific nutrients promoting the development of selected bacterial strains (prebiotics) in gut.
- Specific natural compounds (mostly derived from yeast and herbal extracts, so called “phytobiotics”) capable of modulating the microflora towards a favorable composition.
- Favoring the development of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting potentially pathogenic micro-organisms in gut.
A synergistic blend of herbal extracts has the bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, this synergistic blend has proven to be a powerful interrupter of bacterial and effectively modulate for the gut flora.
The presence of a synergistic blend of phytobiotics provides an array of antimicrobial activities in the shrimp’s digestive system. This offered additional protection against co-infections with opportunistic bacteria such as vibriosis.
Management of Diseases Controls
- PCR screening of brood stock before spawning and PCR screening of larvae (PL) before stocking can help to avoid the entry of pathogens into aquaculture system.
- Mortalities are precipitated by sudden stress from the changes of wide fluctuation of climatic condition.
- Total disinfection and sanitization to the whole culture system have a chance to eradicate the pathogens and other diseases.
- Feeding of shrimps with immunostimulants has been shown to help overcome diseases / infection
- Application and mode of probiotic culture system will reduces the chances of diseases.
- Bacterial and other diseases can be treated and hold under control with application of various chemicals and other biological products.
Avoidance of pathogens: This can be done through selection of specific pathogen free broodstock, exclusion of carrier animals in culture systems, screening of healthy and disease free shrimp brooders ,nauplii and larvae through quarantine systems ,stocking of SPF /SPR seeds ,filtration and sanitization of water before intake.
Improving host conditions through good nutrition and immunostimulation: A number of microbial molecules such as feed additive probiotic, b 1,3 glucans, peptidoglycans, polysaccharides have been shown to stimulate the non-specific immune mechanisms in shrimp
Improving environmental conditions: The environment has a greater role and significant impact on shrimp health, growth and production .Most disease problems are triggered by deterioration of water and soil quality. Application of probiotic can capable of oxidizing toxic wastes and be useful in improving soil & water quality in shrimp culture ponds.
Biosecurity: The biosecurity systems have used in aquaculture as well as for regulations and policies to prevent and control the spread of diseases. The key elements of biosecurity are a reliable source of stocks, adequate detection and diagnostic methods for excludable diseases, disinfection and pathogen eradication methods, best management practices, and practical & acceptable legislation. Hence, the strict principles and guide lines of biosecurity to be adapted in individual farms and cluster wise in farming areas.
The Best Management Practice (BMP), quarantine system and good feed management practice are to be followed entire culture period to overcome the disease problems in shrimp culture.
