A pond-based study that compared the growth performance of red claw crayfish fed a 28 per cent-protein diet containing alfalfa hay and crayfish that received a diet containing 42 per cent protein content with alfalfa hay and a vitamin/mineral premix found that crayfish performed equally well in both treatments.
The Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, is a freshwater crayfish species native to the tropical region of Queensland, Australia, and southeastern Papua New Guinea. Aquaculture of red claws is increasing because this species has numerous attributes that make it a good choice for aquaculture, including tolerance of fluctuating temperature and water quality, rapid growth and excellent yield. The non-aggressive crayfish tolerate high stocking densities if sufficient shelter is available and have a simple life cycle that supports straightforward production technology.
Red claws are very flexible in their feeding habits, consuming decaying plant and animal matter, as well as macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, algae, bacteria and fungi. This may allow expensive prepared diets to be supplemented or replaced by natural foods or forages. Combining pellet- based feeding with forage has the potential to reduce diet costs.
Earlier research conducted at Kentucky State University reported that the protein content of prepared diets for red claw crayfish can be lowered if combined with supplemented alfalfa hay. While red claws seem to use prepared diets efficiently, additional research is necessary to understand the use of feed forage combinations to reduce production costs. Another option in which costs can be reduced is to eliminate more expensive dietary components, such as vitamin and mineral premixes.
Pond Study
A pond-based study by the authors compared the growth performance of red claw crayfish fed a diet moderately low (28 per cent) in protein containing alfalfa hay and devoid of vitamin and mineral supplements with crayfish that received a diet containing 42 per cent protein content with alfalfa hay, or red claws fed only alfalfa hay.
Juvenile crayfish were obtained from a domestic supplier and shipped without water in insulated containers with moist cool packs. Red claws with average individual weights of 15.7 ± 1.0 g were placed into aerated pond water for acclimation. Animals that appeared healthy and active were placed into nine, 0.02-ha ponds at a rate of 640/pond or 3.2/m2. The ponds, which had an average water depth of 1.1 m, were located at the Aquaculture Research Center of Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Kentucky, USA.
Three replicate ponds were randomly assigned to each of the three treatments. In treatment 1, red claws were fed a complete control diet containing 42 per cent crude protein and dried alfalfa hay with 14 per cent protein as potential forage at a rate of 500 kg/ha/ month. In treatment 2, red claws were fed a diet containing 28 per cent protein without vitamin and mineral supplements but with alfalfa hay added at 500 kg/ha/month. Crayfish in treatment 3 received only dried alfalfa hay at a rate of 500 kg/ha/month.
Dietary ingredients were processed into 4-mm sinking pellets by a commercial feed mill. One-half of the total daily ration was distributed twice daily over the surface area of each pond for 105 days. Red claws in all ponds were fed 10 per cent of their estimated body weights during the first two weeks, with feed volume based on body weight decreased at two-week intervals to 3 per cent over the remainder of the study. The assumed weekly growth rate was 4.2 g based upon previous published data.
Dry hay bales were placed into the ponds prior to biweekly distribution of hay over pond bottoms. Water temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured twice daily. Total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and alkalinity were measured three times weekly. An electric aerator ran in the center of each pond.
Results
After 105 days, the final average weights and percentages of weight gain for red claws fed the complete diet were significantly higher (83.0 g and 398 per cent, respectively, P < 0.05) than for the crayfish fed only alfalfa hay (44.9 g and 202 per cent, respectively), but did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) from the values for red claws given the supplemental diet (76.2 g and 367 per cent, respectively – Table 1). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in feed-conversion ratios, which averaged 5.01, between red claws fed the control and supplemental diets.
At 65.1 per cent and 57.2 per cent, respectively, survival did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the crayfish in treatments 1 and 2. However, red claws fed only alfalfa hay had survival of only 30.3 per cent. Crayfish fed the control and supplemental diets had significantly higher (P < 0.05) total yields of 1,708 and 1,378 kg/ ha, respectively, compared to 431 kg/ha for the red claws fed only alfalfa hay.
Table 2 summarizes the water quality conditions in the ponds. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations averaged 8.0 ppm for the morning and 9.1 ppm for the afternoon. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between morning and afternoon water temperatures, which averaged 23 and 25.0° C, respectively. There also was no significant difference in total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and alkalinity levels among the three treatments, which were within acceptable limits for red claw crayfish.
Discussion
Vitamin and mineral premixes typically cost US $15-35/ton in the United States, although costs vary with geographic location and availability. Results of this study demonstrated that red claws grown in ponds at low density can be fed a diet containing 28 per cent crude protein without vitamin and mineral premixes with no adverse effects on growth, survival, tail muscle yield and body composition.
The 6.18 feed-conversion ratio (FCR) for red claws fed the supplemental diet was lower than or similar to previous reports, but higher than values reported by others. The higher FCR values in this study were probably due to several factors. The actual survival at harvest was lower than the 70 per cent estimated survival used to determine feeding rates. Secondly, the water stability of the diets (62 to 67 per cent) was lower than the 88 to 95 per cent stability published elsewhere.
As red claws are bottom feeders and typically slow eaters compared to finfish, the water stability of a diet is very important. However, while the percentage of diet fed should be reduced from the levels used in the present study, the 4.2 g/week calculation of growth rate appears accurate.
The total yield of red claws fed the supplemental diet was higher than that reported in other studies. This was due to the slightly higher final individual weights and survival percentages in this study, but not density, as the stocking density used was similar to the rates found in other reports.
Perspectives
The results of the present study indicated that in ponds receiving forage input, red claw crayfish performed as well with a supplemental diet containing moderately low protein and no vitamin/ mineral premixes as with a more complete diet with much greater protein and added vitamins and minerals. The use of such supplemental diets can help reduce costs and thereby increase producer profits. Further research should be conducted using lower-protein diets without vitamin and mineral premixes to determine the minimum protein level for pond-grown red claws.
September 2014
